DC-connected solar plus storage modeling and analysis for front-of-the-meter systems
Keywords:
photovoltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Advisor Model(SAM), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)Abstract
The deployment of high-power dc equipment is increasing in solar photovoltaic (PV) plants, but very few studies have quantified dc arc-flash risks. Currently, PV plant owners and operators rely on theoretical, simplified models, such as those in NFPA-70E and other publications for the assessment of risk associated with dc arc-flash. This paper presents an overview of arc-flash risks in a PV system based on a series of field experiments based on IEEE-1584 in two large-scale ground mounted PV plants. The experiments include various high-power dc equipment of a PV plant such as central inverters, combiner boxes, recombiner boxes, string inverters, and multiple configurations of electrodes in a 20-inch calibration cube. The study reveals the none of the available dc arc-flash models are applicable for a PV plant. This work is an important first step towards developing an improved model that more accurately assesses dc arc-flash risk in a PV plant.
The primary objective of this research is to develop advanced photovoltaic (PV) battery storage systems that maximize energy retention while ensuring the complete utilization of self-generated solar power, without restricting consumer energy usage or disrupting power supply reliability. To achieve this, various system topologies are explored with the aim of minimizing energy losses and optimizing the consumption of PV-generated electricity. A key focus of the study is identifying the most efficient dispatch strategies under both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) configurations, ultimately aiming to reduce dependence on the conventional.
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